三种由Erwiniaspp．引起的新的花卉细菌病害

１９９４年在深圳农科中心花卉大棚中的巴西铁、文心兰和火鹤植株上，发现国内外尚未报道的细菌病害；巴西铁叶枯病，文心兰心腐病和火鹤叶枯病。病原细菌的主要细菌学性状试验结果表明，巴西铁叶枯病菌为菠萝欧氏杆菌（ＥｒｗｉｎｉａａｎａｎａｓＳｅｒｒａｎｏ）的一个菌株，文心兰心腐病和火鹤叶枯病均为兰欧氏杆菌［Ｅ．ｃｙｐｒｉｐｅｄｉｉ（Ｈｏｒｉ）Ｂｅｒｇｅｙｅｔａｌ．］的菌株之一。     

Multivariate effects of plant canopy, soil physico-chemistry and microbiology on Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean in relation to crop rotation and urban compost amendment

The effects of canopy, soil physico-chemical and microbiological variables on Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) on soybean were assessed in two soils (clay loam and sandy loam) using multiple regression and canonical redundancy analysis (RDA) and their partial form to control for the rotation (2 or 3-y-corn/soybean monoculture) and fertilization (mineral/urban compost) or spatial variables effects. The models revealed the minimal sets of variables that best explain the variance of the survival of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum’s sclerotia, carpogenic germination, disease severity and their associations. In clay loam, the 3-y-corn rotation reduced disease severity mainly through the reduction of weed biomass that favoured carpogenic germination. Urban compost has a conducive effect explained by a better soil surface drainage. Additionally, total N was found suppressive to sclerotial survival. In sandy loam, the carpogenic germination was negatively correlated with high C mineralization quotient and aggregate stability but correlated positively with Ca. Sclerotial survival was negatively correlated with pH and Ca, and positively correlated with biological fertility index. Aggregate stability, Ca and pH were associated with the urban compost. The regression and RDA analyses allowed to identify key variables that drived SSR development and explain their relationship with the cultural practices, soil health, as well as the spatial variation of disease variables.     

水稻白叶枯病黄单胞菌中与甘蓝黑腐病黄单胞菌致病因子调控基因(rpf 基因)同源基因的分子克隆

DNA-DNA 杂交结果表明,水稻白叶枯病黄单胞菌总 DNA 中存在着与甘蓝黑腐病黄单胞菌致病因子调控基因(rpf 基因)具有同源性的 DNA 外段.应用广谱性寄主载体pLAFRI,在大肠杆菌中建立了水稻白叶枯病黄单胞菌野生型菌株 T3000的基因文库.从文库中筛选到与 rpf 基因具有同源性的克隆 pGXN3000,将重组质粒 pGXN3000通过三亲本接合转入甘蓝黑腐病黄单胞菌 rpf 基因突变体,发现 pGXN3000能互补甘蓝黑腐病黄单胞菌 rpf突变体,恢复其致病性胞外酶和胞外多糖的产生及致病性.转座子 Tn5诱变,缺失分析及DNA-DNA 杂交实验结果表明,重组质粒 pGXN3000中确实含有与甘蓝黑腐病黄单胞菌编码。双组份调控系统”蛋白的 rpfC 基因功能相同的基因,此基因被定位于 pGXN3000中的3kb BamHl 片段中。     

Study on Identification of RAPD Marker of Phytophthora sojae Associated with Rps1-k

A near-isogenic lines(NILs)-Williams and Williams82 is used to identify molecular marker linked to the resistance gene Rps1-k by RAPD. Genomic DNAs extracted from soybean leaves of the NILs were analyzed by RAPDusing 160 different 10-nt random primers. Some specific DNA fragments were amplified from Williams82 with 4 primer(OPF-16, OPB-05, OPD-06 and OPH-05) which contains Rps1-k. All these specific DNA fragments were not de-tected in Williams. The experiment with OPH-05 was repeated 3 times and the results were the same. Using primer-OPH-05 to detect other resistance cultivars with Rps1-k, almost everyone can amplify the specific DNA fragment. So it is inferred that the specific DNA fragment is probably linked to Rps1-k.     

Acknowledgment to the Reviewers

Abstract

Gram-positive bacterium BRF-1 isolated from the rhizosphere of root-rotten diseased soybean plants shows strong antifungal activity on plates. In the present study, the ability of BRF-1 to control brown stem rot disease and to promote plant growth was examined using soybean plants grown in pots. Brown stem rot is a severe soil-borne disease of soybean that is caused by the pathogenic fungus Phialophora gregata. Eighteen-day-old soybean seedlings were grown in a mixture of soil (40 mL) and BRF-1 suspension (10 mL) and were dipped in a suspension of P. gregata (10⁶ c.f.u. mL^?1), and the severity of the disease was judged 62 days after the fungal inoculation. Inoculation with BRF-1 at 10⁷ and 10⁸ c.f.u. mL^?1 significantly lowered the severity of the disease. Soybean seeds incubated in 100 mL of the BRF-1 suspension (2 × 10⁶ c.f.u. mL^?1) were sown in pots filled with sand, and plants were collected 7 days after emergence. The dry weight increase in shoots and roots and mineral absorption were significantly stimulated by the inoculation. These results suggest that BRF-1 might be an effective biocontrol agent to manage brown stem rot disease in soybean. The 16S rDNA sequence of BRF-1 showed high homology with sequences of Paenibacillus polymyxa strains (e.g. 99.7% identity with P. polymyxa strain WY110).     

糖醋麻竹笋加工工艺的研究

以竹笋为原料,研究一种新型绿色产品糖醋麻竹笋的加工工艺。采用正交试验辅以感官评分确定影响产品质量的关键工艺脱涩、保脆和最佳配方。研究结果表明,最佳脱涩工艺为0.1%柠檬酸处理10 min;最佳保脆工艺为0.2%CaCl2溶液浸泡30 min;糖醋麻竹笋的最佳配方为酸用量35%,蒜用量5%,盐用量3%,糖用量22%。采用此工艺条件,可得到笋肉黄白、汤汁澄清、酸甜可口、蒜香宜人并具有麻竹笋天然味道的糖醋麻竹笋产品,食用方便,市场前景广阔。     

贡柑黑腐病病原菌的分子鉴定

贡柑黑腐病是近年来在贡柑上发生的一种新型病害，该病害可导致嫩梢快速枯死，大量嫩叶脱落，严重影响树势和产量。本研究从病区采集发病枝叶，对贡柑黑腐病病原菌进行分离、纯化，并采用rDNA-ITS序列分析技术对其进行分子鉴定。结果表明，贡柑黑腐病病原菌为链格孢属（Alternaria Nees）真菌，rDNA-ITS序列与GenBank中芸薹链格孢菌(Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc.)和柑桔链格孢菌(Alternaria citri Ellis & Everhart)的ITS序列的同源性为99%。结合形态学特征，推断该病原菌为柑桔链格孢菌。     

苹果种质资源枝干轮纹病抗性评价

将田间自然发病抗性鉴定法与利用苹果轮纹病菌ZZ26人工接种枝条鉴定法相结合,对189份栽培种苹果种质资源进行了苹果轮纹病综合抗性鉴定,并根据抗病性鉴定结果对其进行抗病类型分类和评价。结果表明:不同苹果种质资源抗病性表现存在差异,但参试种质中未发现免疫种质。通过人工接种,189份苹果种质资源的抗病类型可分为:高抗(16个);中抗(75个);中感(81个);高感(17个)。通过田间调查,2012年得到抗病类型3种,即高抗(144个);中抗(44个);中感(1个)。2013年同样是3个抗病类型:高抗(14个);中抗(162个);中感(13个)。两年调查均无高感品种。2017年再次调查,结果显示田间调查与人工接种鉴定结果有随种植年限增加一致率逐渐提高的趋势,2012年为13.23%,2013年为38.62%,2017年则超过一半,达到57.14%。经过综合抗性筛选,最终得到表现一致性较好的高抗种质2份:北之幸和秦冠。     

微生态制剂对重茬甜菜根腐病防控及产质量水平提升的影响

为了揭示不同重茬年限下微生态制剂对病害的防治效果及产质量提升水平,明确适宜内蒙古重茬田微生态制剂的最佳施用量,2015-2017年,在内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院开展了微生态制剂不同施用量(0、30、60、90、120kg/hm~2)对不同重茬年限甜菜根腐病防治和产质量提升的研究。结果表明,随重茬年限的增加,重茬年限负效应逐渐增加,造成微生态制剂的防效逐年降低,甜菜的发病率、死株率呈大幅度增加,产质量水平显著降低,年际间以重茬3 a的改善效果最佳,处理间以施用量为90 kg/hm~2和120 kg/hm~2 2个处理较好。重茬3 a施用量30 kg/hm~2、60 kg/hm~2、90 kg/hm~2、120 kg/hm~2分别较0 kg/hm~2甜菜死株率降低7.76%、17.15%、23.18%和32.38%;发病率降低16.97%、41.84%、45.75%和56.09%;产量提高10.12%、12.51%、18.12%和19.19%;产糖量提高11.14%、15.45%、23.74%和25.98%,且各处理间基本达到了显著性差异水平。因此甜菜根腐病的发病率与产质量水平呈极显著负相关关系,说明根腐病是重茬甜菜的主要障碍因子,开展对重茬甜菜根腐病防控研究,对内蒙古甜菜产业持续、稳定发展具有重要意义。     

油菜与核盘菌互作分子机理研究进展

菌核病是由核盘菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary）引起的真菌性病害,每年导致油菜（Brassica napus L.）产量损失10%-20%,是制约我国油菜生产最主要的病害。培育抗（耐）病油菜品种是防治油菜菌核病最为经济有效的途径。本文主要综述了近五年油菜-核盘菌互作分子机制的研究进展。研究表明：（1）核盘菌侵染寄主早期存在活体营养型阶段;（2）草酸提供的酸性pH,而非草酸本身,是核盘菌的必需致病因子;（3）核盘菌有效地利用效应蛋白抑制寄主的抗病反应或者诱导寄主细胞坏死以帮助其侵染;（4）油菜对菌核病的抗性具有中等遗传力,为数量抗性;（5）病原相关分子模式（pathogen-associated molecular pattern, PAMP）引发的免疫反应（PAMP-triggered immunity, PTI）是油菜对核盘菌产生数量抗性的主要根源;（6）功能基因组学研究表明抗（耐）病油菜材料防卫反应更加剧烈,能有效调控细胞内的氧化还原平衡状态,及时清除过量活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）的积累,抑制细胞死亡。核盘菌-油菜互作分子机制的研究将有助于指导油菜抗菌核病育种。